16.1 R 中的四种图形系统
基础图形函数可自动调用,而grid和lattice函数的调用必须要加载相应的包(如library(lattice))。要调用ggplot2函数需下载并安装该包(install.packages("ggplot2")),第一次使用前还要进行加载(library(ggplot2))。
16.2 lattice 包
lattice包为单变量和多变量数据的可视化提供了一个全面的图形系统。在一个或多个其他变量的条件下,栅栏图形展示某个变量的分布或与其他变量间的关系。
> library(lattice)> histogram(~height|voice.part,data=singer,main="Distributionof heights by voice pitch",xlab="height (inches)")
lattice包提供了丰富的函数,可生成单变量图形(点图、核密度图、直方图、柱状图和箱线图)、双变量图形(散点图、带状图和平行箱线图)和多变量图形(三维图和散点图矩阵)。各种高级绘图函数都服从以下格式:
graph_function(formula,data=,options)
graph_function是某个函数。
formula指定要展示的变量和条件变量。
data指定一个数据框。
options是逗号分隔参数,用来修改图形的内容、摆放方式和标注。
lattice中高级绘图函数的常见选项
lattice绘图示例:
> gear<-factor(gear,levels=c(3,4,5),labels=c("3 gears","4 gears","5 gears"))> cyl<-factor(cyl,levels=c(4,6,8),labels=c("4 cylinders","6 cylinders","8 cylinders"))> densityplot(~mpg,main="Density plot",xlab="miles per gallon")
> densityplot(~mpg | cyl,main="Density plot by number of cylinders",xlab="miles per gallon")
> bwplot(cyl~mpg|gear,main="box plots by cylinders and gears",xlab="carweight",ylab="cylinders")
> xyplot(mpg~wt|cyl*gear,main="scatter plots by cylinders and gears",xlab="car weight",ylab="miles per gallon")
> cloud(mpg~wt*qsec|cyl,main="d scatter plots by cylinders")
> dotplot(cyl~mpg|gear,main="dot plots by number of gears and cylinders",xlab="miles per gallon"
> splom(mtcars[c(1,4,5,6)],main="scatter plot matrix for mtcars data")
16.2.1 条件变量
> myshingle<-equal.count(x,number=#,overlap=proportion)
将会把连续型变量x分割到#区间中,重叠度为proportion,每个数值范围内的观测数相等,并返回为一个变量myshingle(或类shingle)。输出或者绘制该对象(如plot(myshingle))将会展示瓦块区间。一旦一个连续型变量被转换为一个瓦块,你便可以将它作为一个条件变量使用。
> displacement<-equal.count(mtcars$disp,number=3,overlap=0)> xyplot(mpg~wt|displacement,data=mtcars,+ main="miles per gallon vs weight by engine displacement",+ xlab="weight",ylab="miles per gallon",+ layout=c(3,1),aspect=1.5)
16.2.2 面板函数
每个高级绘图函数都调用了一个默认的函数来绘制面板。这些默认的函数服从如下命名惯例:panel.graph_function,其中graph_function是该水平绘图函数。如:xyplot(mpg~wt|displacement,data=mtcars)也可以写成:xyplot(mpg~wt|displacement,data=mtcars,panel=panel.xyplot)。自定义面板函数的xyplot:
>displacement<-equal.count(mtcars$disp,number=3,overlap=0)> mypanel<-function(x,y){+ panel.xyplot(x,y,pch=19)+ panel.rug(x,y)+ panel.grid(h=-1,v=-1)+ panel.lmline(x,y,col="red",wd=1,lty=2)+ }>xyplot(mpg~wt|displacement,data=mtcars,+ layout=c(3,1),+ aspect=1.5,+ main="miles per gallon vs weightby engine displacement",+ xlab="weight",ylab="miles per gallon",+ pannel=mypanel)
自定义面板函数和额外选项的xyplot
> library(lattice)>mtcars$transmission<-factor(mtcars$am,levels=c(0,1),+ labels=c("Automatic","Manual"))> panel.smoother<-function(x,y){+ panel.grid(h=-1,v=-1)+ panel.xyplot(x,y)+ panel.loess(x,y)+ panel.abline(h=mean(y),lwd=2,lty=2,col="green")+ }> xyplot(mpg~disp|transmission,data=mtcars,+ scales=list(cex=.8,col="red"),+ panel=panel.smoother,+ xlab="displacement",ylab="miles per gallon",+ main="mpg vs displacement bytransmission typr",+ sub="dotted lines are group means",aspect=1)
16.2.3 分组变量
当一个lattice图形表达式含有条件变量时,将会生成在该变量各个水平下的面板。若你想将结果叠加到一起,则可以将变量设定为分组变量(grouping variable).
> library(lattice)>mtcars$transmission<-factor(mtcars$am,levels=c(0,1),+ labels=c("Automatic","Manual"))> densityplot(~mpg,data=mtcars,+ group=transmission,+ main="mpg distributuion bytransmission type",+ xlab="miles per gallon",+ auto.key=TRUE)
对图例进行更多的控制,可使用key =选项
> library(lattice)> mtcars$transmission<-factor(mtcars$am,levels=c(0,1),+ labels=c("Automatic","Manual"))>colors=c("red","blue")#设定颜色、线和点类型> lines=c(1,2)> points=c(16,17)>key.trans<-list(title="Transmission",#自定义图例+ space="bottom",columns=2,+ text=list(levels(mtcars$transmission)),+ points=list(pch=points,col=colors),+ lines=list(col=colors,lty=lines),+ cex.title=1,cex=.9)>densityplot(~mpg,data=mtcars,+ group=transmission,+ main="mpg distributuion bytransmission type",+ xlab="miles per gallon",+ pch=points,lty=lines,col=colors,#自定义密度图+ lwd=2,jitter=.005,+ key=key.trans)
包含分组变量和条件变量以及自定义图例的xyplot
> library(lattice)>colors="darkgreen"> symbols<-c(1:12)> linetype<-c(1:3)>>key.species<-list(title="plant",+ space="right",+ text=list(levels(CO2$Plant)),+ points=list(pch=symbols,col=colors))>>xyplot(uptake~conc|Type*Treatment,data=CO2,+ group=Plant,+ type="o",+ pch=symbols,col=colors,lty=linetype,+ main="carbon dioxide uptake\ningrass plants",+ ylab=expression(paste("Uptake",+ bgroup("(",italic(frac("umol","m"^2)),")"))),+ xlab=expression(paste("Concenteation",+ bgroup("(",italic(frac(mL,L)),")"))),+ sub="Grass species:echinochloacrus-gailli",+ key=key.species)